tuning explained
theoryTOO-ning
A comprehensive guide to the process and systems of adjusting instruments to standard pitch.
Tuning is the process of adjusting an instrument so that its notes sound at the correct pitches. The modern standard is concert pitch, with A4 set at 440 Hz, though some orchestras tune slightly higher (442–443 Hz) for a brighter sound. Orchestral tuning begins with the oboe playing A, to which all other instruments match their pitch. Guitarists tune using tuning forks, electronic tuners, or by matching strings to reference pitches. Pianos require periodic professional tuning because their strings gradually lose tension. Beyond practical tuning, tuning systems define how the twelve notes of the chromatic scale are spaced. Equal temperament (the modern standard) divides the octave into twelve exactly equal semitones, allowing free modulation between keys. Just intonation and historical temperaments use mathematically pure intervals that sound sweeter in some keys but harsh in others.